BUDGET, BUDGETING & BUDGETARY CONTROL:
1. BUDGET: A budget is a blue print of a plan expressed in quantitative terms.
2. BUDGETING: is technique for formulating budgets.
3. BUDGETARY CONTROL: refers to the principles, procedures & practices of achieving given objectives through budgets.
REQUISITIES FOR A SUCCESSFUL BUDGETARY CONTROL SYSTEM:
Clarifying objectives.
Proper Delegation & Responsibility.
Proper Communication System.
Budget Education.
Participation of All Employees.
Flexibility.
Motivation.
1. CLARIFYING OBJECTIVES
Objectives must be clearly spelt out.
In the absence of clear goals, the budgets will also be unrealistic.
2. PROPER DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY & RESPONSIBILITY
Involve every level of management.
Finalized by the top management.
3. PROPER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Information regarding budgets should be quick
4. BUDGET EDUCATION
Employees should be properly educated.
Educated about the role.
BC is not a control device should be used as a tool to improve their efficiency
5. PARTICIPATION OF ALL EMPLOYEES
For every segment of the business.
Require active participation & involvement all employees.
On the basis of past experiences.
6. FLEXIBILITY
Budgets are prepared for the future, which is always uncertain.
Flexibility will make the budgets more appropriate and realistic.
7. MOTIVATION
Implemented by the human beings.
Successful budgets depend upon the interest shown by the employees.
All persons should be motivated.
CLASSIFICATION & TYPES OF BUDGETS:
A. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO TIME:
1. Long-term budgets.
2. Short-term budgets.
3. Current budgets.
B. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF FUNCTIONS:
1. Operating Budgets.
2. Financial Budgets.
3. Master Budgets.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO TIME:
LONG-TERM BUDGETS:
Represent long term planning of the business.
Done by the top-management.
Not known to lower-levels of management.
Lt’s are prepared such as CB, R&D & LTF.
SHORT-TERM BUDGETS:
Generally for one or two years.
Consumer goods industries like Sugar, cotton, textile etc
CURRENT BUDGETS:
Budgets is generally of months and weeks.
Current activities of the business.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE FUNCTIONS:
OPERATING BUDGETS:
Sales budget.
Production budget.
Production cost budget.
Purchase budget.
Raw material budget.
Labour budget.
Manufacturing expenses.
Administrative & selling expenses, budget.
PROGRAMME BUDGET:
Expected revenue &
Costs of various products or projects.
Budget can be prepared for each product line or project showing revenues.
PB useful in locating areas where efforts may be required to reduce costs & increase revenues.
FINANCIAL & MASTER BUDGET
FINANCIAL BUDGET
Cash Budget.
Working Capital Budget.
Capital Expenditure.
Income statement budget.
Balance Sheet
MASTER BUDGET:
Various functional budget are integrated into master budget.
ZERO BASED BUDGETING:
At the time of preparation of annual budget, a base is determined from which the budgeting process is started.
Sunday, December 26, 2010
Budgetary Conrol
BUDGET, BUDGETING & BUDGETARY CONTROL:
1. BUDGET: A budget is a blue print of a plan expressed in quantitative terms.
2. BUDGETING: is technique for formulating budgets.
3. BUDGETARY CONTROL: refers to the principles, procedures & practices of achieving given objectives through budgets.
REQUISITIES FOR A SUCCESSFUL BUDGETARY CONTROL SYSTEM:
Clarifying objectives.
Proper Delegation & Responsibility.
Proper Communication System.
Budget Education.
Participation of All Employees.
Flexibility.
Motivation.
1. CLARIFYING OBJECTIVES
Objectives must be clearly spelt out.
In the absence of clear goals, the budgets will also be unrealistic.
2. PROPER DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY & RESPONSIBILITY
Involve every level of management.
Finalized by the top management.
3. PROPER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Information regarding budgets should be quick
4. BUDGET EDUCATION
Employees should be properly educated.
Educated about the role.
BC is not a control device should be used as a tool to improve their efficiency
5. PARTICIPATION OF ALL EMPLOYEES
For every segment of the business.
Require active participation & involvement all employees.
On the basis of past experiences.
6. FLEXIBILITY
Budgets are prepared for the future, which is always uncertain.
Flexibility will make the budgets more appropriate and realistic.
7. MOTIVATION
Implemented by the human beings.
Successful budgets depend upon the interest shown by the employees.
All persons should be motivated.
CLASSIFICATION & TYPES OF BUDGETS:
A. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO TIME:
1. Long-term budgets.
2. Short-term budgets.
3. Current budgets.
B. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF FUNCTIONS:
1. Operating Budgets.
2. Financial Budgets.
3. Master Budgets.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO TIME:
LONG-TERM BUDGETS:
Represent long term planning of the business.
Done by the top-management.
Not known to lower-levels of management.
Lt’s are prepared such as CB, R&D & LTF.
SHORT-TERM BUDGETS:
Generally for one or two years.
Consumer goods industries like Sugar, cotton, textile etc
CURRENT BUDGETS:
Budgets is generally of months and weeks.
Current activities of the business.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE FUNCTIONS:
OPERATING BUDGETS:
Sales budget.
Production budget.
Production cost budget.
Purchase budget.
Raw material budget.
Labour budget.
Manufacturing expenses.
Administrative & selling expenses, budget.
PROGRAMME BUDGET:
Expected revenue &
Costs of various products or projects.
Budget can be prepared for each product line or project showing revenues.
PB useful in locating areas where efforts may be required to reduce costs & increase revenues.
FINANCIAL & MASTER BUDGET
FINANCIAL BUDGET
Cash Budget.
Working Capital Budget.
Capital Expenditure.
Income statement budget.
Balance Sheet
MASTER BUDGET:
Various functional budget are integrated into master budget.
ZERO BASED BUDGETING:
At the time of preparation of annual budget, a base is determined from which the budgeting process is started.
1. BUDGET: A budget is a blue print of a plan expressed in quantitative terms.
2. BUDGETING: is technique for formulating budgets.
3. BUDGETARY CONTROL: refers to the principles, procedures & practices of achieving given objectives through budgets.
REQUISITIES FOR A SUCCESSFUL BUDGETARY CONTROL SYSTEM:
Clarifying objectives.
Proper Delegation & Responsibility.
Proper Communication System.
Budget Education.
Participation of All Employees.
Flexibility.
Motivation.
1. CLARIFYING OBJECTIVES
Objectives must be clearly spelt out.
In the absence of clear goals, the budgets will also be unrealistic.
2. PROPER DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY & RESPONSIBILITY
Involve every level of management.
Finalized by the top management.
3. PROPER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Information regarding budgets should be quick
4. BUDGET EDUCATION
Employees should be properly educated.
Educated about the role.
BC is not a control device should be used as a tool to improve their efficiency
5. PARTICIPATION OF ALL EMPLOYEES
For every segment of the business.
Require active participation & involvement all employees.
On the basis of past experiences.
6. FLEXIBILITY
Budgets are prepared for the future, which is always uncertain.
Flexibility will make the budgets more appropriate and realistic.
7. MOTIVATION
Implemented by the human beings.
Successful budgets depend upon the interest shown by the employees.
All persons should be motivated.
CLASSIFICATION & TYPES OF BUDGETS:
A. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO TIME:
1. Long-term budgets.
2. Short-term budgets.
3. Current budgets.
B. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF FUNCTIONS:
1. Operating Budgets.
2. Financial Budgets.
3. Master Budgets.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO TIME:
LONG-TERM BUDGETS:
Represent long term planning of the business.
Done by the top-management.
Not known to lower-levels of management.
Lt’s are prepared such as CB, R&D & LTF.
SHORT-TERM BUDGETS:
Generally for one or two years.
Consumer goods industries like Sugar, cotton, textile etc
CURRENT BUDGETS:
Budgets is generally of months and weeks.
Current activities of the business.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE FUNCTIONS:
OPERATING BUDGETS:
Sales budget.
Production budget.
Production cost budget.
Purchase budget.
Raw material budget.
Labour budget.
Manufacturing expenses.
Administrative & selling expenses, budget.
PROGRAMME BUDGET:
Expected revenue &
Costs of various products or projects.
Budget can be prepared for each product line or project showing revenues.
PB useful in locating areas where efforts may be required to reduce costs & increase revenues.
FINANCIAL & MASTER BUDGET
FINANCIAL BUDGET
Cash Budget.
Working Capital Budget.
Capital Expenditure.
Income statement budget.
Balance Sheet
MASTER BUDGET:
Various functional budget are integrated into master budget.
ZERO BASED BUDGETING:
At the time of preparation of annual budget, a base is determined from which the budgeting process is started.
Interbational Organiation for standards ISO
The ISO 9000 series of standards is generic in scope. By design, the series can be tailored to fit any organizational needs, whether it is large or small, a manufacturer or a service organization. It can be applied to construction, engineering, health care, legal, and other professional services as well as the manufacturing of any thing front nuts and bolts to space craft.
It purpose is to unify quality terms and definitions used by industrialized nations and use those terms to demonstrate a supplier’s capability of controlling its processes.
ISO 9000:2000 – Quality management systems (QMS) – fundamentals and vocabulary discusses the fundamental concepts related to the QMS and provides the terminology used in the other two standards.
ISO 9001:2000 – Quality management systems (QMS) – requirements is the standard used for registration by demonstrating conformity of the QMS to customers, regulatory, and the organization’s own requirements.
ISO 9004:2000 - Quality Management Systems (QMS) – guidelines for performance improvement provides guideline that an organization can use to establish a QMS focused on improving performance.
It purpose is to unify quality terms and definitions used by industrialized nations and use those terms to demonstrate a supplier’s capability of controlling its processes.
ISO 9000:2000 – Quality management systems (QMS) – fundamentals and vocabulary discusses the fundamental concepts related to the QMS and provides the terminology used in the other two standards.
ISO 9001:2000 – Quality management systems (QMS) – requirements is the standard used for registration by demonstrating conformity of the QMS to customers, regulatory, and the organization’s own requirements.
ISO 9004:2000 - Quality Management Systems (QMS) – guidelines for performance improvement provides guideline that an organization can use to establish a QMS focused on improving performance.
Thursday, December 23, 2010
FMEA-2
1.Determining the effects that any failure will have on other items in the product or process and their functions.
2.Determining those parts of the product or the process whose failure will have critical effects on product or operation (those producing the greatest damage), and which failure modes will generate these damaging effects.
3.Calculating the probabilities of failure in assemblies, sub-assemblies, products, and processes from the individual failure probabilities of their components and the arrangements in which they have been designed. Since components have more than one failure mode, the probability that one will fail at all is the sum of the total probability of the failure modes.
4.Establishing test program requirements to determine failure mode and rate data not available from other sources.
5.Establishing test program requirements to verify empirical reliability predictions.
6.Providing input data for trade-off studies to establish the effectiveness of changes in a proposed product or process or to determine the probable effect of modifications to an existing product or process.
7.Determining how the high-failure-rate components of a product or process can be adapted for higher-reliability components, redundancies, or both.
8.Eliminating or minimizing the adverse effects that assembly failures could generate and indicating safeguards to be incorporated if the product or the process cannot be made fail-safe or brought within acceptable failure limits.
9.Helping uncover oversights, misjudgments, and errors that may have been made.
10.Helping reduce development time and cost of manufacturing processes by eliminating many potential modes prior to operation of the process and by specifying the appropriate tests to prove the designed product.
11.Proving training for new employees.
12.Tracking the progress of a project.
13.Communicating to other professionals who may have similar problems
FMEA--Failure Mode Effect Analysis
FMEA is a “before – the – event” action requiring a team effort to easily and inexpensively alleviate changes in design and production
Reliability may be defined as the probability of the product to perform as expected for a certain period of time, under the given operating conditions, and at a given set of product performance characteristics.
One important consideration when performing reliability studies is the safety of the product or the process. The criticality of a product or process changes drastically when human safety considerations are involved. Reliability test and studies can form the basis for safety studies.
It is the engineer’s task to define all of the previously –stated items, and in many instances, the engineer has only past experience and personal knowledge of like systems to define these different aspects of failure accurately.
Wednesday, December 22, 2010
40 unusual websites
1. BugMeNot – instantly get disposable login details for any popular website that forces you to register.
2. DailyLit – read your favorite books by email (on your PC, mobile, etc.).
3. FranceRadio – neat MP3 Search Engine that lets you Find, Play and Download favorite MP3s for FREE.
4. Google SMS – provides mobile users with a quick access (via SMS) to a wide range of practical information and tools (i.e. business listings (pizzerias, shops, etc.), weather, movie listings, driving directions, currency converter and lots more.
5. Podlinez – listen to your favorite podcasts from any phone. Just enter the RSS feed URL for the desired podcast and get a free-toll number to access it from a phone.
6. RetailMeNot – locate fresh discount coupons for thousands of web merchants and services right from your browser toolbar. Video demo.
7. SoLow – on a daily basis SoLow auctions 4 different items (iPhones, HD Screens, etc.). Anyone with a mobile/PC can participate in the auctions by placing their bids via text-messaging. The user with the lowest unique bid wins the auction.
8. TeleFlip – auto-forward your emails to your cellphone as text messages. Video demo.
9. UrbanDictionary – hilarious (and practical) 100% user-maintained dictionary where users provide and vote on definitions for urban words (slangs).
10. Yak4Ever – make free international calls from US, UK and Ireland to 50+ countries.
Mobile related
2. DailyLit – read your favorite books by email (on your PC, mobile, etc.).
3. FranceRadio – neat MP3 Search Engine that lets you Find, Play and Download favorite MP3s for FREE.
4. Google SMS – provides mobile users with a quick access (via SMS) to a wide range of practical information and tools (i.e. business listings (pizzerias, shops, etc.), weather, movie listings, driving directions, currency converter and lots more.
5. Podlinez – listen to your favorite podcasts from any phone. Just enter the RSS feed URL for the desired podcast and get a free-toll number to access it from a phone.
6. RetailMeNot – locate fresh discount coupons for thousands of web merchants and services right from your browser toolbar. Video demo.
7. SoLow – on a daily basis SoLow auctions 4 different items (iPhones, HD Screens, etc.). Anyone with a mobile/PC can participate in the auctions by placing their bids via text-messaging. The user with the lowest unique bid wins the auction.
8. TeleFlip – auto-forward your emails to your cellphone as text messages. Video demo.
9. UrbanDictionary – hilarious (and practical) 100% user-maintained dictionary where users provide and vote on definitions for urban words (slangs).
10. Yak4Ever – make free international calls from US, UK and Ireland to 50+ countries.
Mobile related
11. Bitbom – schedule free text message reminders to your phone. Schedule online or using mobile. (Similar PingMe.)
12. Flurry – follow up on your emails (send, receive) and receive latest articles from favorite blogs/websites on your mobile.
13. Foonz – place group calls and send messages to multiple people for free (from your mobile or any other phone).
14. GameJump – lots of free games for mobile phones.
15. GrandCentral – single phone number for all your phones and a web-based centralized voicemail system. (Similar: YouMail, GotVoice)
16. IQzone – post your classified ad to a number of online and print classified networks directly from your mobile.
17. Jott – simple and convenient service for leaving yourself notes and ToDo reminders using your mobile.
18. Mosio – text any question from your mobile phone and shortly receive up-to 4 answers.
19. mShopper – instantly check up on the bargain deals for any product (or even order) right from your mobile phone. Video demo.
20. NoPhoneTrees – simple phone directory that lists direct human access numbers to support employees in hundreds of companies.
21. Nutsie – takes a copy of your iTunes library file and creates an online copy of your library. Access this library from PC or mobile phone.
22. Google SendToPhone – forward anything you find on the web (maps, address, text, etc.) to any mobile phone for free (US only).
23. Qipit – take quick document pictures and turn them into properly formatted PDFs. Save online, email, or fax documents right from mobile.
24. Soonr – handy application that lets you access your PC remotely using your mobile or any other PC (work, school, etc.). Video demo.
25. TelePixie – quickly schedule and receive daily (or one time) wake up phone calls, reminders, weather forecast calls, jokes, and more.
26. TellMe – free local directory service for business listings (Car Repair Shops, Pizzerias, Restaurants, etc.), maps, and directions.
27. PhoneZoo – convert your MP3s to custom-length ringtones and forward them to your phone. Plus 1000s of free ringtones from other users.
Other s
28. BossBitching – fun and active community where people can bit*h about their bosses anonymously.
29. eSnailer – send free postal mail letters (to anywhere in the US) right from the desktop. From Canada? Check out EasyPost.
30. Yapta – get a refund (or credit) from the airlines on a purchased ticket in case its price drops.
31. ListenToaMovie – lets you ‘listen to a movie’, i.e. stream the audio part of various movies and some TV-shows.
32. OpenDNS – provides a safer, faster, smarter and more reliable way to navigate the Internet. More details + video demo.
33. PodioBooks – search, subscribe and browse through a variety of totally free audio books (100% legal).
34. PriceProtectr – tracks the price of items you bought online and notifies in case of price-drops, so you can request a refund.
35. RateMyDrawings – excellent place to draw, share your drawing creations, learn to draw, and watch other people drawing. Video demo
36. SwitchPlanet – cool and active marketplace where you can switch (or trade) used DVDs, CDs, Video Games and Books. Video demos.
37. Scribd- search, browse, rate, share various types of documents (jokes, facts, stories etc.). It’s like Youtube for text documents.
38. ViaTalk – make up-to 10 minutes long free phone calls to anywhere in the US and Canada. You don’t even need to sign-up.
39. VideoSift – popular Digg-like voting community for user-submitted videos.
40. Wordie – make lists of words (words you love, words you hate, or whatever) and share them with others.
Tuesday, December 21, 2010
Banking --Customer Royalty==Brand Royalty
Customer loyalty and brand image decline among retail banking customers for fourth consecutive year
Loyalty to banks wanes, particularly among customers of larger institutions. Study finds that customers may be highly satisfied even when they are charged bank fees, provided that they perceive they are receiving sufficient value in exchange.
-->Poor customer service-the most common reason given for switching banks-is cited by 37 % of customers who changed their primary bank in 2010.
For a fourth consecutive year, customer loyalty and perceptions of brand image among retail banking customers continue to decline, while satisfaction has leveled off, according to the U.S. Retail Banking Satisfaction Study.
In addition, the percentage of customers who say they "definitely will not" switch banks during the next twelvemonths has decreased significantly during the past three years to 34 per cent in 2010 .
The gap in loyalty intent between customers of larger and smaller banks is considerable, with 41 per cent of customers at smaller banks who say they "definitely will not" switch, compared with 32 per cent at larger banks.
Higher customer satisfaction with in-person service and attention is an important contributor to increased loyalty at smaller banks. Acquisition rates are also improving at smaller banks, with new customers accounting for eight per cent of the customer base, compared with an industry average of six per cent.
"As retail banking customers become considerably less loyal, banks need to focus on getting the fundamentals right," . "Banks that get back to the basics-such as maintaining a clean branch and greeting customers upon entering-may help to alleviate some of the distress customers are experiencing and increase their overall satisfaction."
"While fees have a significant impact on customer satisfaction, banks may mitigate this effect by giving customers choices," said Beird. "Customers tend to be considerably less dissatisfied when they have different overdraft options, such as the ability to transfer funds from a savings account or receive a balance alert. Proactive communication may also help to lessen the negative impact of fees, as satisfaction is more than 100 points higher among customers who are aware of changes in fees ahead of time, compared with customers who are taken by surprise."
The study also finds that customers may be highly satisfied even when they are charged bank fees, provided that they perceive they are receiving sufficient value in exchange. When satisfaction with fees is above average, customer's ratings for branch access and appearance, promptness of being served, and the bank's website navigation and range of services are also higher than average.
The study analyses customer satisfaction with the retail banking experience based on six factors: account activities; account information; facility; fees; problem resolution; and product offerings.
Loyalty to banks wanes, particularly among customers of larger institutions. Study finds that customers may be highly satisfied even when they are charged bank fees, provided that they perceive they are receiving sufficient value in exchange.
-->Poor customer service-the most common reason given for switching banks-is cited by 37 % of customers who changed their primary bank in 2010.
For a fourth consecutive year, customer loyalty and perceptions of brand image among retail banking customers continue to decline, while satisfaction has leveled off, according to the U.S. Retail Banking Satisfaction Study.
In addition, the percentage of customers who say they "definitely will not" switch banks during the next twelvemonths has decreased significantly during the past three years to 34 per cent in 2010 .
The gap in loyalty intent between customers of larger and smaller banks is considerable, with 41 per cent of customers at smaller banks who say they "definitely will not" switch, compared with 32 per cent at larger banks.
Higher customer satisfaction with in-person service and attention is an important contributor to increased loyalty at smaller banks. Acquisition rates are also improving at smaller banks, with new customers accounting for eight per cent of the customer base, compared with an industry average of six per cent.
"As retail banking customers become considerably less loyal, banks need to focus on getting the fundamentals right," . "Banks that get back to the basics-such as maintaining a clean branch and greeting customers upon entering-may help to alleviate some of the distress customers are experiencing and increase their overall satisfaction."
"While fees have a significant impact on customer satisfaction, banks may mitigate this effect by giving customers choices," said Beird. "Customers tend to be considerably less dissatisfied when they have different overdraft options, such as the ability to transfer funds from a savings account or receive a balance alert. Proactive communication may also help to lessen the negative impact of fees, as satisfaction is more than 100 points higher among customers who are aware of changes in fees ahead of time, compared with customers who are taken by surprise."
The study also finds that customers may be highly satisfied even when they are charged bank fees, provided that they perceive they are receiving sufficient value in exchange. When satisfaction with fees is above average, customer's ratings for branch access and appearance, promptness of being served, and the bank's website navigation and range of services are also higher than average.
The study analyses customer satisfaction with the retail banking experience based on six factors: account activities; account information; facility; fees; problem resolution; and product offerings.
Issues with DATA card
The PPP protocol authentification failed????
To resolve this issue: 1. Click Start, point to Settings, and then click Network and Dial-up Connections.
NOTE: For Windows Server 2003, click Start, point to Control Panel, and then point to Network Connections.
2. Right-click the appropriate dial-up networking connection, and then click Properties.
3. Click the Networking tab, and then click Settings.
4. Click to clear the Negotiate multi-link for single link connections check box (if it is selected).
5. Click OK, and then click OK.
6. Double-click the connection, and then click Dial. • If this procedure resolves the issue and you can establish a dial-up connection, you do not have to follow the remaining steps in this article.
• If this does not resolve the issue and you cannot establish a dial-up connection, go to step 7 to continue to troubleshoot this issue.
7. Right-click the connection, and then click Properties.
8. Click the Security tab.
9. Under Security options, click Allow unsecured password in the Validate my identity as follows box, and then click OK.
10. Double-click the connection, and then click Dial to verify that you can establish a dial-up connection.
To resolve this issue: 1. Click Start, point to Settings, and then click Network and Dial-up Connections.
NOTE: For Windows Server 2003, click Start, point to Control Panel, and then point to Network Connections.
2. Right-click the appropriate dial-up networking connection, and then click Properties.
3. Click the Networking tab, and then click Settings.
4. Click to clear the Negotiate multi-link for single link connections check box (if it is selected).
5. Click OK, and then click OK.
6. Double-click the connection, and then click Dial. • If this procedure resolves the issue and you can establish a dial-up connection, you do not have to follow the remaining steps in this article.
• If this does not resolve the issue and you cannot establish a dial-up connection, go to step 7 to continue to troubleshoot this issue.
7. Right-click the connection, and then click Properties.
8. Click the Security tab.
9. Under Security options, click Allow unsecured password in the Validate my identity as follows box, and then click OK.
10. Double-click the connection, and then click Dial to verify that you can establish a dial-up connection.
Hoe to Host a Computer???
WEB HOSTING!!!!
Actually, our home computers CAN act like web servers. Here are a few things we need:
A static I.P. (Internet protocol) address
24/7 Internet connectivity (a fast connection would definitely help)
Web server software
A stable and reliable operating system
Hosting your web site from your home/office computer
Typically, a web server is a powerful machine with a stable and reliable operating system and a 24/7 Internet connection. A web server also needs a static I.P. (Internet protocol) address so that the location of the hosted web site/s does not change. In addition to the web server software (which serves web pages), several other software that help in maintenance, enhancing functionality and securing the machine from attacks from hackers need to be installed on the machine.
The need for a good operating system
Obviously, you need a stable and reliable operating system that can serve web pages quickly and not crash or hang even under heavy traffic. Here are some other hallmarks of a good operating system for a web server:
In-built security features to protect from hackers and virus attacks.
Easy of administration through shell environment or GUI-based software.
Scalability to up-gradations to ensure enhanced stability and security. Also, the process of installation of updates should easy and as smooth as possible.
In-built necessary server software should be a part of the operating system else, they should be available and installed quickly and smoothly.
Availability of third-party software - No operating system is perfect and complete. Third party applications can provide additional security, better features and functionality.
With the above points in mind, the Linux operating system fits the bill pretty well - So does Windows, actually, but you do need to be a little more experienced in server administration if you want to run a Windows based web server.
Linux is also cheaper than Windows and has tons of free third-party software and applications that can be smoothly integrated in the operating system to increase functionality and security. Linux, which is an Open Source Software (OSS), works well with other OSS such as Apache (the most popular web server software), MySQL (a good stable database application and server), PHP (server-side scripting language) and has several in-built applications such as FTP (File Transfer Protocol), sendmail (SMTP email server) etc.
What is the need for a static I.P. (Internet Protocol) address????
Each computer connected to the Internet needs to have a unique number assigned to it so that it can be identified and there are no conflicts with other computers. This unique number is the Internet Protocol (I.P.) address. The I.P. address is just a series of four numbers each less than 255 and separated by dots (periods). For example, 214.34.7.90 would be a valid I.P. address.
Since, for us humans, I.P. addresses are not as easy to remember, the "powers that be" created domain names. However, each domain name is "tied up" or "associated" with an I.P. address. The domain name and its corresponding I.P. address are stored on several different computers scattered around the globe. These machines called Domain Name Servers help to resolve the domain name to its I.P. address. In layman's language - when you type a domain name on your browser, it first checks with a Name Server and gets the corresponding I.P. address (something that computers understand better than us) and then loads the web site.
An I.P. address is the address of a computer on the internet - it specifies the location of a server that hosts a web site. It follows that if the I.P. address changes, the web site will not be found if you try to load it on a browser by typing its domain name.
Now, most of us use net connections on our home/office computers from the local Internet Service Provider. These ISPs assigned our computers with a dynamic I.P. address each time we connect. Thus, each time we disconnect and start the connection again, our computers are given a different I.P. address. So if the I.P. address of your home/office computer changes, your web site will not load unless you go and change the information on the Name Server. Obviously you cannot make these changes each time your computer's I.P. address changes. For this reason, to host a web site on your home/office computer you need a "static" I.P. address - an I.P. address that does not change.
The problem is that ISPs generally do not allow you to host a web site on your computer. And they do this by allocating a new I.P. address each time you connect and also blocking required ports. Having said that, you can get a static I.P. addresses by either upgrading your package (to something like a "business package") or shift to an ISP that does provides one. The cost of a static I.P. can be $30 to $50 per month (maybe even more).
Actually, our home computers CAN act like web servers. Here are a few things we need:
A static I.P. (Internet protocol) address
24/7 Internet connectivity (a fast connection would definitely help)
Web server software
A stable and reliable operating system
Hosting your web site from your home/office computer
Typically, a web server is a powerful machine with a stable and reliable operating system and a 24/7 Internet connection. A web server also needs a static I.P. (Internet protocol) address so that the location of the hosted web site/s does not change. In addition to the web server software (which serves web pages), several other software that help in maintenance, enhancing functionality and securing the machine from attacks from hackers need to be installed on the machine.
The need for a good operating system
Obviously, you need a stable and reliable operating system that can serve web pages quickly and not crash or hang even under heavy traffic. Here are some other hallmarks of a good operating system for a web server:
In-built security features to protect from hackers and virus attacks.
Easy of administration through shell environment or GUI-based software.
Scalability to up-gradations to ensure enhanced stability and security. Also, the process of installation of updates should easy and as smooth as possible.
In-built necessary server software should be a part of the operating system else, they should be available and installed quickly and smoothly.
Availability of third-party software - No operating system is perfect and complete. Third party applications can provide additional security, better features and functionality.
With the above points in mind, the Linux operating system fits the bill pretty well - So does Windows, actually, but you do need to be a little more experienced in server administration if you want to run a Windows based web server.
Linux is also cheaper than Windows and has tons of free third-party software and applications that can be smoothly integrated in the operating system to increase functionality and security. Linux, which is an Open Source Software (OSS), works well with other OSS such as Apache (the most popular web server software), MySQL (a good stable database application and server), PHP (server-side scripting language) and has several in-built applications such as FTP (File Transfer Protocol), sendmail (SMTP email server) etc.
What is the need for a static I.P. (Internet Protocol) address????
Each computer connected to the Internet needs to have a unique number assigned to it so that it can be identified and there are no conflicts with other computers. This unique number is the Internet Protocol (I.P.) address. The I.P. address is just a series of four numbers each less than 255 and separated by dots (periods). For example, 214.34.7.90 would be a valid I.P. address.
Since, for us humans, I.P. addresses are not as easy to remember, the "powers that be" created domain names. However, each domain name is "tied up" or "associated" with an I.P. address. The domain name and its corresponding I.P. address are stored on several different computers scattered around the globe. These machines called Domain Name Servers help to resolve the domain name to its I.P. address. In layman's language - when you type a domain name on your browser, it first checks with a Name Server and gets the corresponding I.P. address (something that computers understand better than us) and then loads the web site.
An I.P. address is the address of a computer on the internet - it specifies the location of a server that hosts a web site. It follows that if the I.P. address changes, the web site will not be found if you try to load it on a browser by typing its domain name.
Now, most of us use net connections on our home/office computers from the local Internet Service Provider. These ISPs assigned our computers with a dynamic I.P. address each time we connect. Thus, each time we disconnect and start the connection again, our computers are given a different I.P. address. So if the I.P. address of your home/office computer changes, your web site will not load unless you go and change the information on the Name Server. Obviously you cannot make these changes each time your computer's I.P. address changes. For this reason, to host a web site on your home/office computer you need a "static" I.P. address - an I.P. address that does not change.
The problem is that ISPs generally do not allow you to host a web site on your computer. And they do this by allocating a new I.P. address each time you connect and also blocking required ports. Having said that, you can get a static I.P. addresses by either upgrading your package (to something like a "business package") or shift to an ISP that does provides one. The cost of a static I.P. can be $30 to $50 per month (maybe even more).
Monday, December 20, 2010
top brands 96-97-98-99
United States Hospitality===Marriot
With a classic approach to hospitality, Marriott has seen its focus on availability and assurance of service and quality pay dividends. By asserting itself as a class above competitors and continuing efforts to enhance its image among frequent business travellers, it has demonstrated a strong grasp of the industry. It has also generated positive press for its long-standing sustainability initiatives, including efforts to significantly reduce energy and carbon emissions across its network. As the brand embarks on an ambitious project to roll out a series of boutique hotels under the brand “Edition,” its place as a leading hospitality brand looks assured.
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Netherlands Energy===SHELL
Despite the problems affecting the industry, Shell has continued to bolster its strength internationally. It is one of the most recognizable petroleum brands in the world, with a presence in 110 countries and a reputation for being a good employer. Shell believes so strongly in its business principles that its set up a whistle-blowing website for employees worldwide to report any violations they come across and, like its peers, it is investing heavily in alternative energy sources.
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Germany Personal Care===NIVEA
Already a leader in skin care, it’s the expansion into areas such as hair care that’s helping the brand build on its success in the last few years. Nivea has demonstrated an ability to adapt to customer needs and tailor products for the Asian and Latin American markets. The “Beauty is” advertising campaign has resonated well around the world, presenting beauty as something that is within everybody and challenging traditional stereotypes of what is considered beautiful.
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United States Transportation===FEDEX
Despite a downturn in the US market, FedEx is benefitting from the growth in global trade and has continued to strengthen its brand in emerging markets. Awareness has been raised after heavy investment in sponsorship and advertising, including a campaign for the rebranded Kinko’s, which is now called FedEx Office.
top brands 93-94-95
Italy Automotive===Ferrari
Ferrari has always been a highly desirable brand, but this year sees it break into the list for the first time. Increasing global prosperity over the last decade has made the brand increasingly attainable. Ferrari has managed the growth well by limiting production and maintaining a sense of exclusivity to the brand. Despite a fall in the value of the US dollar, (which made the car relatively more expensive in one of Ferrari’s key markets), the brand achieved record-breaking sales last year. This was supported by huge growth in emerging markets where the brand is increasingly bought as a status symbol.
Italy Luxury===Armani
As one of the world’s most dynamic fashion brands, Armani has a long track record of promoting the luxury Italian lifestyle. But recent investments in new categories have helped the brand reach out to new audiences. The Armani brand now stretches into areas as diverse as fragrance (Armani Code), home furnishings (Armani Casa), technology (co-branding with Samsung) and hotels (the first Armani hotel opened in 2008 in Dubai).
While emerging markets like China and Russia fuel growth, the Hennessy brand is in decline in the US as consumers switch to alternatives like whisky and other spirits. Recently the brand has tried to reinforce its brand message with an advertising campaign built on its values of “heritage” and “authenticity.
Sunday, December 19, 2010
top brands 90-91-92
Japan Automotive===LEXUS
Clever marketing in the US has maintained the perception that Lexus is an American brand, rather than Japanese. This is vital in a country where people prefer to buy home grown products. Elsewhere, the brand is seen as less exciting and sporty than its nearest rivals, BMW and Mercedes, but this hasn’t stopped its growth. It has invested heavily in hybrid cars with its sister brand Toyota. This makes it an increasingly popular choice in places like London where this technology is exempt from the Congestion Charge tax.
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ItalyLuxury===Prada
Prada has been the top spender on marketing and advertising among the luxury global brands. With the Chinese market expected to account for 10% of global sales by 2010, the region has been a key focus for development. The Prada phone, developed in conjunction with LG, was well received and helped the brand to reach new audiences.
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United States Personal Care=== Johnson & Johnson
The continued emphasis of family and ethical values has helped the Johnson & Johnson brand maintain a place in people’s hearts, with a wide range of products and partnerships doing the balance sheet no harm either. With the acquisition of Pfizer, the brand has become a worldwide force, which may, in time, stretch the perception of it being a family company.
top brands 87-88-89
United States Consumer Electronics===Motorola
Motorola has lost its category leadership position. Through a lack of innovation and growth into new segments, the brand is in serious decline. While innovative new products from Apple, Samsung, Nokia, and BlackBerry tap into fast-changing consumer needs, Motorola has been left behind and has seen its 2007 self-claimed 14% market share erode further. With the business due to be split into two divisions, time will tell if the changes can lead to a sharper focus.
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United States Consumer Electronics===The Duracell
The Duracell bunny just keeps on going, albeit without spectacular ascent. With many gadgets now favoring rechargeable lithium batteries, you’d be forgiven for thinking the market is shrinking. But driven by demand in developing markets, particularly in Latin America, where distribution has been vastly increased, the brand has built on the gains made last year.
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Smirnoff has continued to be the worldwide vodka of choice, with sales steadily growing in all markets, particularly the US. The launch of Smirnoff Ice Light is appealing to a more health-conscious female market and builds on the success of its vodka-based alcopops range. The brand has been engaging with consumers in new ways of late, making the most of interactive media such as blogs and video to appeal to younger drinkers, and building up a long list of action-movies where its products have been placed.
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